DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE: ATHENS AND SYRACUSE

WEST: HIERO of SYRACUSE (478-467 BC). TYRANNY. MERCENARIES. "COMMON RESOLUTION" (461 BC). DEMOCRACY. DEMAGOGUES ("LEADERS OF THE PEOPLE"). WEALTH. ATHENIAN INTERFERENCE 433 BC (LEONTINI, RHEGION).

EAST: THEMISTOCLES AND THE LONG WALLS (478 BC). THE DELIAN LEAGUE. DEATH OF PAUSANIUS, EXILE OF THEMISTOCLES. EXPANSION UNDER CIMON. "BONES OF THESEUS." ALLIANCE BECOMES AN EMPIRE. THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE (=SPART AND ALLIES)

"FIRST PELOPONNESIAN WAR" 460-446 BC. REFORMS OF EPHIALTES 461 BC. PERICLES. THIRTY YEARS PEACE. CONSOLIDATION OF ATHENIAN POWER (446-433 BC).*

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR BEGINS. CORCYRA, EPIDAMNUS, CORINTH. THE MEGARIANN DECREE ANND THE DECLARATION OF WAR (431 BC).

ART AND THOUGHT IN THE FIFTH CENTURY BC. HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS. THE LOGOS ("word, intelligence"). THE TENSION OF OPPOSITES. CHANGE. FLOW, UNIVERSAL FLUX. FIRE. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus.

ANAXAGORAS. NOUS ("mind"), MATTER.

PARMENIDES. UNITY, ABSENCE OF CHANGE, NOTHING COMES FROM NOTHING, REJECTION OF SENSES. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParmenidesTHE PARADOXES OF ZENO.

THE PLURALISTS. EMPEDOCLES. FOUR ELEMENTS. LOVE AND STRIFE. NATURAL SELECTION. DEMOCRITUS. THE ATOMS ("uncuttable").

THE SOPHISTS ("wise men"). TEACHING OF ARETE ("excellence"). MORAL RELATIVISM. PROTAGORAS. RHETORIC. MAKING THE FALSE CLAIM GREATER THAN THE TRUE. SOCRATES (469-399 BC). INDUCTIVE METHOD ("leading in" from facts to principles).

SCULPTURE. LOST WAX CASTING. PHIDIAS.

ARCHITECTURE. PERICLEAN BUILDING PROGRAM. ACROPOLIS. PROPYLAEA ("fore-gate"). TEMPLE OF NIKE. PARTHENON. THE ELGIN MARBLES. ERECTHEUM ("house of Erechtheus"). CARYATIDS (430s BC).

PAINTING. THE RED-FIGURE STYLE.